php 从以前到现在一直都是单继承的语言,无法同时从两个基类中继承属性和方法,为了解决这个问题,php 出了 trait 这个特性
用法:通过在类中使用 use 关键字,声明要组合的 trait 名称,具体的 trait 的声明使用 trait 关键词,trait不能实例化
如下代码实例
trait Dog{
public $name="dog";
public function bark(){
echo "This is dog";
}
}
class Animal{
public function eat(){
echo "This is animal eat";
}
}
class Cat extends Animal{
use Dog;
public function drive(){
echo "This is cat drive";
}
}
$cat = new Cat();
$cat->drive();
$cat->eat();
$cat->bark();
输出
This is cat drive
This is animal eat
This is dog
再测试 trait、基类和本类对同名属性或方法的处理,如下代码
trait Dog{
public $name="dog";
public function drive(){
echo "This is dog drive";
}
public function eat(){
echo "This is dog eat";
}
}
class Animal{
public function drive(){
echo "This is animal drive";
}
public function eat(){
echo "This is animal eat";
}
}
class Cat extends Animal{
use Dog;
public function drive(){
echo "This is cat drive";
}
}
$cat = new Cat();
$cat->drive();
$cat->eat();
输出
This is cat drive
This is dog eat
所以:trait 中的方法会覆盖基类中的同名方法,而本类会覆盖 trait 中同名方法
注意点:当 trait 定义了属性后,类就不能定义同样名称的属性,否则会产生 fatal error,除非是设置成相同可见度、相同默认值。
不过在 php7 之前,即使这样设置,还是会产生 E_STRICT 的提醒
一个类可以组合多个 trait,通过逗号相隔,如下
use trait1,trait2
当不同的 trait 中,却有着同名的方法或属性,会产生冲突,可以使用 insteadof 或 as 进行解决,insteadof 是进行替代,而 as 是给它取别名,如下实例
trait trait1{
public function eat(){
echo "This is trait1 eat";
}
public function drive(){
echo "This is trait1 drive";
}
}
trait trait2{
public function eat(){
echo "This is trait2 eat";
}
public function drive(){
echo "This is trait2 drive";
}
}
class cat{
use trait1,trait2{
trait1::eat insteadof trait2;
trait1::drive insteadof trait2;
}
}
class dog{
use trait1,trait2{
trait1::eat insteadof trait2;
trait1::drive insteadof trait2;
trait2::eat as eaten;
trait2::drive as driven;
}
}
$cat = new cat();
$cat->eat();
$cat->drive();
$dog = new dog();
$dog->eat();
$dog->drive();
$dog->eaten();
$dog->driven();
输出
This is traitl eat
This is traitl drive
This is traitl eat
This is traitl drive
This is trait2 eat
This is trait2 drive
as 还可以修改方法的访问控制
trait Animal{
public function eat(){
echo "This is Animal eat";
}
}
class Dog{
use Animal{
eat as protected;
}
}
class Cat{
use Animal{
Animal::eat as private eaten;
}
}
$dog = new Dog();
$dog->eat();//报错,因为已经把eat改成了保护
$cat = new Cat();
$cat->eat();//正常运行,不会修改原先的访问控制
$cat->eaten();//报错,已经改成了私有的访问控制
trait 也可以互相组合,还可以使用抽象方法,静态属性,静态方法等,实例如下
trait Cat{
public function eat(){
echo "This is Cat eat";
}
}
trait Dog{
use Cat;
public function drive(){
echo "This is Dog drive";
}
abstract public function getName();
public function test(){
static $num=0;
$num++;
echo $num;
}
public static function say(){
echo "This is Dog say";
}
}
class animal{
use Dog;
public function getName(){
echo "This is animal name";
}
}
$animal = new animal();
$animal->getName();
$animal->eat();
$animal->drive();
$animal::say();
$animal->test();
$animal->test();
输出
This is animal name
This is Cat eat
This is Dog drive
This is Dog say
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